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Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
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Some Thoughts on Empathy and Countertransference

Siegfried Zepf

Institute for Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany, s.zepf{at}rz.uni-sb.de

Sebastian Hartmann

Clinic Schwedenstein, Clinic for Psychosomatic Diseases, Dresden, Germany, seb.hart{at}web.de

Two aspects of countertransference—namely, the countertransference reaction and empathic understanding—must be distinguished. The term countertransference should be reserved exclusively for the conscious reactions of the analyst emerging from the preconscious by virtue of the patient's current transferences; the term empathy should be used to denote a perspective whereby the analyst employs current countertransference reactions for an understanding of the patient's inner life.

Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Vol. 56, No. 3, 741-768 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0003065108322460
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J. M. Vivona
Leaping From Brain To Mind: a Critique of Mirror Neuron Explanations of Countertransference
J Am Psychoanal Assoc, June 1, 2009; 57(3): 525 - 550.
[Abstract] [PDF]